Featured in Medical Laboratory Observer - MLO
Written By Lisa-Jean Clifford
Biomarkers serve as critical navigational tools, guiding physicians on their patients’ journey through the diagnosis, treatment, and management of their specific cancer. In oncology, a biomarker may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the of the body to the presence of cancer. It can help in identifying early-stage cancers, forecasting how aggressive a cancer might be, or predicting how well a patient will respond to treatment. Biomarkers are also used to predict or monitor cancer recurrence.
Prostate cancer often begins its journey with the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the blood. This biomarker, a protein produced by both normal and malignant prostate cells, can be elevated in the presence of prostate cancer. PSA testing has become a keystone in the early detection of prostate cancer, offering insight into the biological state of the prostate.
If a person has been diagnosed with cancer, biomarker testing may show whether the cancer is more likely to grow and spread, if certain cancer treatments are likely (or unlikely) to be helpful, and whether the cancer treatment is working.1
Determining treatment: Predictive biomarkers
Once prostate cancer is diagnosed, the next step involves predictive biomarkers, which help in predicting the cancer’s behavior and potential response to treatments. Genes like ER, PR, and HER2/neu, although more commonly associated with breast cancer, have parallels in prostate cancer research, where molecular markers can predict the effectiveness of therapies such as hormone treatments or chemotherapy.
One of the biggest areas of research is in immunotherapy, this is a treatment that manipulates the patient’s immune system to fight cancer with drugs or modified immune T cells. In the past several years, immunotherapy has had great success in some patients with certain types of cancer, but not all patients respond to this type of treatment. I have written about this in previous articles I have done on cancer and treatments — I believe this type of treatment has great potential with further development.2
There is a significant amount of research focused on discovering biomarkers that could identify which patients are likely to respond to immunotherapy. In some types of cancer, the presence or absence of immune molecules in cancer cells has been associated with determining whether a patient will have a better or worse response to immunotherapy.
Biomarkers can also be used to help physicians determine if there are clinical trials available for their patients. Some trials, called basket studies, are based on the biomarkers in tumors and/or cells instead of the primary body site of the cancer. There are other trials that are using biomarkers to match treatments based on the gene characteristics or genetic changes in the patient’s cancer.
Monitoring treatment: Prognostic biomarkers...Read More
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